3D model

Synonyms: three-dimensional model, digital twin

It is used in fields as diverse as video games, animation, architecture, engineering, virtual reality and augmented reality.

These models are created using specialist software that allows designers to create detailed objects by manipulating points in virtual space to form a mesh of polygons. This mesh can then be textured, animated and rendered to appear as realistic or stylized as desired.

The process of creating a 3D model can include modelling, texturing, rigging (adding a skeleton for animation) and rendering, which brings the object to life with realistic lighting and effects.

3D models are essential to the development and effectiveness of immersive technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR).

Applications

3D models are used in a wide range of fields because they allow objects and environments to be visually simulated and tested.

• Film and animation: 3D models are often used in film and animation to create visual effects, characters, and environments that are combined with real footage or completely computer generated (CGI).
• Video games: 3D models are used in game development to create characters, landscapes, vehicles and other elements. They are an integral part of game graphics.
• Architecture and construction: Architects use 3D models to visualize building designs, enable virtual tours and plan construction. In the construction industry, they are used to simulating building projects and optimize construction processes (Building Information Modelling, BIM).
• Product design and manufacturing: Engineers and designers create 3D models of products to visualize prototypes, check technical details and simulate manufacturing processes.
• Medicine: 3D models are used in medicine to visualize anatomical structures, plan surgeries and manufacture prostheses or implants. They are also used in research to simulate biological processes.
• Fine art and fashion: Artists use 3D modelling software to create sculptures, installations and digital artworks. 3D technologies are also used in the fashion industry to virtually design and present clothes (virtual try-on).
• Automotive and aerospace: 3D models are used in automotive and aerospace development to design, test and optimize vehicles, aircraft, and their components.
• Education and science: 3D models help to illustrate complex issues in education and research, for example in physics, biology, or chemistry.
• Real estate and virtual tours: 3D models are used in the real estate industry to visualize properties and enable virtual tours of houses and apartments.
• Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): 3D models are used in AR and VR applications to create virtual worlds and objects that users can experience and interact with in real time.

Facts and features

• Realism and immersion: High quality 3D models are essential to the realism of AR and VR environments. The more detailed and accurate the models, the more immersive the user experience and the more lifelike the virtual experience.
• Interactivity: In VR and AR, 3D models are not just static objects, but can be interacted with. This means that they can be designed to respond to user actions, such as being moved, modified or used for virtual tasks, increasing the engagement and usefulness of the virtual environment.
• User Experience: The quality of 3D models has a direct impact on the user experience in AR and VR. Detailed and realistic models can help create more intuitive and meaningful interactions, which are critical for applications ranging from educational tools and training simulators to gaming and storytelling.
• Functionality: In professional and industrial applications, 3D models are used for virtual prototypes (digital twins), architectural tours and medical training, among others. These models allow detailed examination and manipulation in a controlled virtual space, providing valuable insights without the constraints of the physical world.
• Accessibility: This can be crucial for fields such as medicine, archaeology and science education, making complex concepts easier to understand and explore.

Popular 3D modelling software

• Blender: Free and open source, ideal for beginners and professionals. Uses: animation, game development, 3D printing.
• Autodesk Maya: Powerful 3D modelling and animation software, often used in the film industry. Uses: animation, visual effects, film production.
• Autodesk 3ds Max: Professional 3D software, particularly popular in the games industry and for architectural visualization. Uses: game development, architectural visualization.
• Cinema 4D: Easy-to-use 3D modelling and animation software, popular for motion graphics. Uses: Motion graphics, animation, architecture.
• ZBrush: Specializes in digital sculpting, ideal for detailed models such as characters. Uses: film, games, character modelling.
• SketchUp: Simple and intuitive program, particularly suitable for architecture and interior design. Uses: architecture, interior design, 3D printing.
• SolidWorks: CAD software for engineers, ideal for precise technical modelling. Uses: mechanical engineering, product design.
• Rhinoceros (Rhino): Precision modelling software for complex free-form surfaces. Applications: architecture, product design, jewelry design.
• Tinkercad: Free, web-based software for simple 3D models, particularly suitable for beginners. Applications: education, 3D printing, entry-level projects.
• Houdini: Powerful software for procedural modelling and simulation. Uses: film, visual effects, simulation.

Industry Standards

• ISO 29481 (Building Information Modelling - Information Exchange) - This ISO standard governs the exchange of 3D BIM data between different software tools and project participants in the construction industry.
• VDI 3805 (Product Data Model for Technical Building Equipment) - This VDI guideline describes standards for creating 3D models for technical building equipment and facilitates the exchange of product data between different CAD and BIM systems.
• DIN EN ISO 10209 (Technical product documentation - Vocabulary and general rules for 3D models) - This standard defines the vocabulary and general rules for technical product documentation and 3D models to ensure consistent communication and use.